Original Translation
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>>> from timeit import Timer >>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit() 0.57535828626024577 >>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit() 0.54962537085770791
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In contrast to :mod:`timeit`'s fine level of granularity, the :mod:`profile` and :mod:`pstats` modules provide tools for identifying time critical sections in larger blocks of code.
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Quality Control
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One approach for developing high quality software is to write tests for each function as it is developed and to run those tests frequently during the development process.
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The :mod:`doctest` module provides a tool for scanning a module and validating tests embedded in a program's docstrings. Test construction is as simple as cutting-and-pasting a typical call along with its results into the docstring. This improves the documentation by providing the user with an example and it allows the doctest module to make sure the code remains true to the documentation::
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def average(values): """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers. >>> print(average([20, 30, 70])) 40.0 """ return sum(values) / len(values) import doctest doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests
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The :mod:`unittest` module is not as effortless as the :mod:`doctest` module, but it allows a more comprehensive set of tests to be maintained in a separate file::
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import unittest class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase): def test_average(self): self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0) self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3) self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, average, []) self.assertRaises(TypeError, average, 20, 30, 70) unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests
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Batteries Included
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Python has a "batteries included" philosophy. This is best seen through the sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages. For example: