Original Translation
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``ord(u)``, where *u* is a 1-character regular or Unicode string, returns the number of the character as an integer.
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``unicode(string [, encoding] [, errors] )`` creates a Unicode string from an 8-bit string. ``encoding`` is a string naming the encoding to use. The ``errors`` parameter specifies the treatment of characters that are invalid for the current encoding; passing ``'strict'`` as the value causes an exception to be raised on any encoding error, while ``'ignore'`` causes errors to be silently ignored and ``'replace'`` uses U+FFFD, the official replacement character, in case of any problems.
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The :keyword:`exec` statement, and various built-ins such as ``eval()``, ``getattr()``, and ``setattr()`` will also accept Unicode strings as well as regular strings. (It's possible that the process of fixing this missed some built-ins; if you find a built-in function that accepts strings but doesn't accept Unicode strings at all, please report it as a bug.)
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A new module, :mod:`unicodedata`, provides an interface to Unicode character properties. For example, ``unicodedata.category(u'A')`` returns the 2-character string 'Lu', the 'L' denoting it's a letter, and 'u' meaning that it's uppercase. ``unicodedata.bidirectional(u'\u0660')`` returns 'AN', meaning that U+0660 is an Arabic number.
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The :mod:`codecs` module contains functions to look up existing encodings and register new ones. Unless you want to implement a new encoding, you'll most often use the :func:`codecs.lookup(encoding)` function, which returns a 4-element tuple: ``(encode_func, decode_func, stream_reader, stream_writer)``.
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*encode_func* is a function that takes a Unicode string, and returns a 2-tuple ``(string, length)``. *string* is an 8-bit string containing a portion (perhaps all) of the Unicode string converted into the given encoding, and *length* tells you how much of the Unicode string was converted.
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*decode_func* is the opposite of *encode_func*, taking an 8-bit string and returning a 2-tuple ``(ustring, length)``, consisting of the resulting Unicode string *ustring* and the integer *length* telling how much of the 8-bit string was consumed.
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*stream_reader* is a class that supports decoding input from a stream. *stream_reader(file_obj)* returns an object that supports the :meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`, and :meth:`readlines` methods. These methods will all translate from the given encoding and return Unicode strings.
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*stream_writer*, similarly, is a class that supports encoding output to a stream. *stream_writer(file_obj)* returns an object that supports the :meth:`write` and :meth:`writelines` methods. These methods expect Unicode strings, translating them to the given encoding on output.
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For example, the following code writes a Unicode string into a file, encoding it as UTF-8::